The Ultimate Question - 2520 Words

The Ultimate Questions First, let me start off my paper by giving thanks. I would like to thank you Lord for loving me enough that he thought I was worth saving and worth keeping. He gave his life for mine, if this wasn’t so my presences would not be here. He put in place a Church and its leaders that helped with my feedings of the words of God and as I listened my life began to change. My relationship with him grew personally as well as my spiritually again thank you. Being in this course the History of Ecclesiology and Polity, it has taught me many things about the difference in denominations of the church. In the Pauline letters Paul, who was a minister of Christ Jesus wanted us to know what was the structures and order of the Gentile†¦show more content†¦Paul refers to many church leaders as Thessalonica for their hard work in the Lord. He asks that they hold these leaders in the highest regard in love because of their work (Longenecker, R. N. 2002. p. 84). The overseers are those who serves the church as elders, bishops and deacons, â€Å"So Christ himself gave the apostles, the prophets, the evangelists, the pastors and teachers, to equip his people for works of service, so that the body of Christ may be built up until we all reach unity in the faith and in the knowledge of the Son of God and become mature, attaining to the whole measure of the fullness of Christ† (Ephesians 4:11-13 NIV). There was no absence of organization i n the office of the church. So why are there so many denominations? Here are a few names of some denominations that many have choose to worship with. Some of us attend the Christian Non-denomination, Catholic, Presbyterian, Baptist, Lutheran, Methodist or Wesleyan, Protestant, Pentecostal or Charismatic, and Episcopalian or Anglican, Jehovah’s Witness and Mennonite a few that comes to mind. I am sure that there are more but I cannot think of them at this time. The denomination that has the largest membership size in the United States in today’s churches is the Catholic Churches. The Catholic Church is also part of the Christian Church community that is led by a Pope, the Rome Bishop or

Hot Wire Laboratory Free Essays

THE UNIVERISTY OF MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL, AEROSPACE AND CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY REPORT INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT VORTEX SHEDDING FROM A CYLINDER DATA ACQUISITION NAME:MANISH PITROLA STUDENT ID:75050320 COURSE:MEng MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DUE DATE:27TH NOVEMBER 2012 1) What are the main advantages and disadvantages of using a hotwire to measure flow velocities? There are many advantages and disadvantages of using a hotwire to measure flow velocities, one of the main advantages is the hotwire produces a continuous analogue output of the velocity at a particular point, and hence information about the velocity can be obtained for any specific time. Another advantage of using a hotwire anemometer is the ability to follow fluctuating velocities to a high accuracy. Also another advantage of using a hotwire anemometer is the sensor is able to relate the voltage and the velocity using hotwire theory. We will write a custom essay sample on Hot Wire Laboratory or any similar topic only for you Order Now However even though hotwire anemometer is an adequate tool to obtain data it has its drawbacks. One disadvantage of using a hotwire is that it has to be calibrated due to the theory not coinciding with actual data and the hotwire can only obtain the magnitude of the flow and not the direction. Another disadvantage of using a hotwire is the unsystematic effects that occur such as contamination and probe vibration. Some systematic effects that affect the data are the ambient temperatures and eddy shedding from the wire. One of the main disadvantages of using a hotwire is the output depends on both velocity and temperature, so when the temperature of a fluid increases the measured velocity obtained are too low and adjustment is required. ) Why is setting the correct sampling rate important in digital data acquisition? What experimental parameters or requirements can be used to establish the optimum sampling rate? What may happen if the wrong sampling rate is used? Using the correct sampling rate is important because if the incorrect sampling rate is used some aliasing effects may occur, presenting insufficient data where important data is ignored if the sampling rate is below the optimum, and if the sampling rate is above the optimum more accurate data is obtained which carries the same trend as the optimum with few distortion which are not required. This can cause inadequacy of the data, where recording is not frequent enough or too frequent. The optimum sampling rate can be established using the Nyquist theory which states that the maximum measures frequency is half the sampling frequency, however the bandwidth of the signal needs to considered, the rule for obtaining the sampling frequency of any probe must be at least 2. 5 times greater than the maximum frequency present. 3) Show how the sampling rate was determined for this experiment. What was the sampling rate? For a flow around a cylinder an empirical relation between the vortex shedding frequency and Reynolds number (Re) is used to find the sampling rate. The relationship below is used to find the frequency in the flow where the Strouhal number is 0. 2, diameter (d) is 15mm and the free stream velocity (U0) is 10m/s. St=fdU0=0. 1981-19. 7Re? 0. 2 Then by simple algebraic rearranging the frequency is found to be 133. 3Hz. Therefore the maximum frequency experienced is 2f = 2*133. 3 = 266. 6Hz. To obtain the optimum sampling frequency we simply by using Nyquist theory multiply the maximum frequency by 2. 5 providing an optimum sampling rate of 666. 5Hz. The values for the sampling rate were taken as 330Hz, 660Hz and 1320Hz for experimental purposes to study the over and under sampling of data. 4) In the experiment the hotwire was calibrated in terms of velocity vs (E-E0)2. Plot out the calibrations for U = B((E-E0)2)n and the various polynomials. Compare the different lines. Which is the best to use? Figure [ 1 ] Figure [ 2 ] Figure [ 3 ] Figure [ 4 ] From the above graphs is can be seen that the best calibration to use is the cubic calibration (figure 2) as this fits the actual velocity line more accurately. 5) If the velocity higher than the ones calibrated foer was measured, which calibration is likely to give the best extrapolated data? Figure [ 5 ] Figure [ 6 ] Figure [ 7 ] Figure [ 8 ] From the above graphs it can be seen that the worse extrapolated data is found using the quartic calibration and the best extrapolated data can be found using the linear calibration of A([V-Vo]^2)^n. Also higher order polynomial extrapolation can produce invalid values and as a result the error will magnify as high order of polynomials are used, so therefore the linear relationship is recommended. 6) In a fast Fourier transform (FFT) the data in the time domain is converted to the equivalent data in the frequency domain. The original data can therefore be considered as the sum of a series of sine waves of regularly spaced frequencies, with different magnitudes and phases. How is the frequency interval in the FFT determined? How can the frequency interval in an FFT be reduced? What impact could this have on an experiment? The frequency interval can be obtained by dividing the sampling rate by the number of samples used. For 660Hz the number of samples is 1024, so therefore the frequency interval is 660/1024 = 0. 6445. The frequency intervals can be reduced by increasing the number of samples used; this is advantageous as it gives a more accurate representation of the original signal. 7) Considering the FFT data, what can be done in an experiment to isolate genuine signals from random fluctuations in the data? Give an example of this in graphical form. Figure [ 9 ] Figure [ 10 ] From figure 9 it can be seen that the peak is unobtainable as the data is very noisy which could be due to disturbances. However this can be overcome by averaging the FFT which allows us to easily identify peaks which can be seen from figure 10. 8) In this experiment, why are 2 frequency peaks seen on the FFT when the hotwire is near the centre line? 2 frequency peaks can be seen on the FFT at the centreline due to the 2 vortices induced by the cylinder but as you move away from the centre line only one of the vortices is predominant. The two peaks occur at 129Hz and 250Hz. 9) With increasing distance from the centreline, how does the FFT distribution change? Include graphs to illustrate this for various locations across the wake. From the below figures it can be seen that as you move away from the centre line the peaks in the FFT distribution disappear. Figure [ 11 ] Figure [ 12 ] Figure [ 13 ] Figure [ 14 ] Figure [ 15 ] Figure [ 16 ] 10) Plot the probability distribution histograms of velocity for various positions across the wake. What does the histogram show and how can the variation in the histograms be explained in terms of the properties of the flow? Figure [ 17 ] Figure [ 18 ] Figure [ 19 ] Figure [ 20 ] Figure [ 21 ] Figure [ 22 ] By comparing the above probability distribution figures it can be seen that with distance away from the centreline the flow velocity develops a more uniform velocity. It can be seen that within the 40mm distance away from the centreline, the probability distribution of the velocity produces wide distribution of velocities; this is due to the various velocities inside the wake and turbulence. For distance more than 40mm away the probability distribution of velocity becomes more uniform, which implies the vortices play no role in affecting the flow at these distances away from the centreline. It can also be seen that the flow speed at these distances increases as the flow diverges and accelerates around the cylinder. 11) Plot a graph showing the variation of mean velocity, RMS velocity and turbulence intensity with distance across the wake. What physical phenomena in the flow are causing the distribution to be the shape they are? What do the results say about the size of the wake compared to the size of the cylinder? Figure [ 23 ] Figure [ 24 ] Figure [ 25 ] The vortices in the flow cause turbulence to occur behind the cylinder which causes the distributions to change. It can be seen from figure 23 that the velocity changes instantaneously as you move away from the centreline, it can also be observed that from 45mm away and more the velocity start to become more uniform and fluctuate around the free stream velocity. From figure 25 and 25 from 45mm and onwards the RMS and RTI decrease. From the above graphs it can be deduced that the size of the wake is 45mm from the centreline or a total width of 90mm, which is 6 times the diameter of the cylinder. 12) What are the major sources of error likely to be in this experiment? Try and give a numerical estimate to the possible error(s) in the data. Some of the likely sources of error that may occur during this experiment are the calibration process as the hotwire was only calibrated at the centreline and as the hotwire was lowered using screw mechanism which it not totally accurate, there was no calibration of the at the new position. Another source of error can be due to pressure fluctuations, and due to the velocity being measured using the pressure differences, these fluctuation can cause the velocity to vary. Another source of error could be the assumption of the flow being 2-d as turbulence is a 3-d. To calculate the error, I used the measured velocity table and the theoretical linear calibration velocity. Taking the average error, the percentage error in the experimental data was 5. 8%. Within a range Can not measure supersonic velocities How to cite Hot Wire Laboratory, Essay examples Hot Wire Laboratory Free Essays THE UNIVERISTY OF MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL, AEROSPACE AND CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY REPORT INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT VORTEX SHEDDING FROM A CYLINDER DATA ACQUISITION NAME:MANISH PITROLA STUDENT ID:75050320 COURSE:MEng MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DUE DATE:27TH NOVEMBER 2012 1) What are the main advantages and disadvantages of using a hotwire to measure flow velocities? There are many advantages and disadvantages of using a hotwire to measure flow velocities, one of the main advantages is the hotwire produces a continuous analogue output of the velocity at a particular point, and hence information about the velocity can be obtained for any specific time. Another advantage of using a hotwire anemometer is the ability to follow fluctuating velocities to a high accuracy. Also another advantage of using a hotwire anemometer is the sensor is able to relate the voltage and the velocity using hotwire theory. We will write a custom essay sample on Hot Wire Laboratory or any similar topic only for you Order Now However even though hotwire anemometer is an adequate tool to obtain data it has its drawbacks. Read this  Respiratory Activity One disadvantage of using a hotwire is that it has to be calibrated due to the theory not coinciding with actual data and the hotwire can only obtain the magnitude of the flow and not the direction. Another disadvantage of using a hotwire is the unsystematic effects that occur such as contamination and probe vibration. Some systematic effects that affect the data are the ambient temperatures and eddy shedding from the wire. One of the main disadvantages of using a hotwire is the output depends on both velocity and temperature, so when the temperature of a fluid increases the measured velocity obtained are too low and adjustment is required. ) Why is setting the correct sampling rate important in digital data acquisition? What experimental parameters or requirements can be used to establish the optimum sampling rate? What may happen if the wrong sampling rate is used? Using the correct sampling rate is important because if the incorrect sampling rate is used some aliasing effects may occur, presenting insufficient data where important data is ignored if the sampling rate is below the optimum, and if the sampling rate is above the optimum more accurate data is obtained which carries the same trend as the optimum with few distortion which are not required. This can cause inadequacy of the data, where recording is not frequent enough or too frequent. The optimum sampling rate can be established using the Nyquist theory which states that the maximum measures frequency is half the sampling frequency, however the bandwidth of the signal needs to considered, the rule for obtaining the sampling frequency of any probe must be at least 2. 5 times greater than the maximum frequency present. 3) Show how the sampling rate was determined for this experiment. What was the sampling rate? For a flow around a cylinder an empirical relation between the vortex shedding frequency and Reynolds number (Re) is used to find the sampling rate. The relationship below is used to find the frequency in the flow where the Strouhal number is 0. 2, diameter (d) is 15mm and the free stream velocity (U0) is 10m/s. St=fdU0=0. 1981-19. 7Re? 0. 2 Then by simple algebraic rearranging the frequency is found to be 133. 3Hz. Therefore the maximum frequency experienced is 2f = 2*133. 3 = 266. 6Hz. To obtain the optimum sampling frequency we simply by using Nyquist theory multiply the maximum frequency by 2. 5 providing an optimum sampling rate of 666. 5Hz. The values for the sampling rate were taken as 330Hz, 660Hz and 1320Hz for experimental purposes to study the over and under sampling of data. 4) In the experiment the hotwire was calibrated in terms of velocity vs (E-E0)2. Plot out the calibrations for U = B((E-E0)2)n and the various polynomials. Compare the different lines. Which is the best to use? Figure [ 1 ] Figure [ 2 ] Figure [ 3 ] Figure [ 4 ] From the above graphs is can be seen that the best calibration to use is the cubic calibration (figure 2) as this fits the actual velocity line more accurately. 5) If the velocity higher than the ones calibrated foer was measured, which calibration is likely to give the best extrapolated data? Figure [ 5 ] Figure [ 6 ] Figure [ 7 ] Figure [ 8 ] From the above graphs it can be seen that the worse extrapolated data is found using the quartic calibration and the best extrapolated data can be found using the linear calibration of A([V-Vo]^2)^n. Also higher order polynomial extrapolation can produce invalid values and as a result the error will magnify as high order of polynomials are used, so therefore the linear relationship is recommended. 6) In a fast Fourier transform (FFT) the data in the time domain is converted to the equivalent data in the frequency domain. The original data can therefore be considered as the sum of a series of sine waves of regularly spaced frequencies, with different magnitudes and phases. How is the frequency interval in the FFT determined? How can the frequency interval in an FFT be reduced? What impact could this have on an experiment? The frequency interval can be obtained by dividing the sampling rate by the number of samples used. For 660Hz the number of samples is 1024, so therefore the frequency interval is 660/1024 = 0. 6445. The frequency intervals can be reduced by increasing the number of samples used; this is advantageous as it gives a more accurate representation of the original signal. 7) Considering the FFT data, what can be done in an experiment to isolate genuine signals from random fluctuations in the data? Give an example of this in graphical form. Figure [ 9 ] Figure [ 10 ] From figure 9 it can be seen that the peak is unobtainable as the data is very noisy which could be due to disturbances. However this can be overcome by averaging the FFT which allows us to easily identify peaks which can be seen from figure 10. 8) In this experiment, why are 2 frequency peaks seen on the FFT when the hotwire is near the centre line? 2 frequency peaks can be seen on the FFT at the centreline due to the 2 vortices induced by the cylinder but as you move away from the centre line only one of the vortices is predominant. The two peaks occur at 129Hz and 250Hz. 9) With increasing distance from the centreline, how does the FFT distribution change? Include graphs to illustrate this for various locations across the wake. From the below figures it can be seen that as you move away from the centre line the peaks in the FFT distribution disappear. Figure [ 11 ] Figure [ 12 ] Figure [ 13 ] Figure [ 14 ] Figure [ 15 ] Figure [ 16 ] 10) Plot the probability distribution histograms of velocity for various positions across the wake. What does the histogram show and how can the variation in the histograms be explained in terms of the properties of the flow? Figure [ 17 ] Figure [ 18 ] Figure [ 19 ] Figure [ 20 ] Figure [ 21 ] Figure [ 22 ] By comparing the above probability distribution figures it can be seen that with distance away from the centreline the flow velocity develops a more uniform velocity. It can be seen that within the 40mm distance away from the centreline, the probability distribution of the velocity produces wide distribution of velocities; this is due to the various velocities inside the wake and turbulence. For distance more than 40mm away the probability distribution of velocity becomes more uniform, which implies the vortices play no role in affecting the flow at these distances away from the centreline. It can also be seen that the flow speed at these distances increases as the flow diverges and accelerates around the cylinder. 11) Plot a graph showing the variation of mean velocity, RMS velocity and turbulence intensity with distance across the wake. What physical phenomena in the flow are causing the distribution to be the shape they are? What do the results say about the size of the wake compared to the size of the cylinder? Figure [ 23 ] Figure [ 24 ] Figure [ 25 ] The vortices in the flow cause turbulence to occur behind the cylinder which causes the distributions to change. It can be seen from figure 23 that the velocity changes instantaneously as you move away from the centreline, it can also be observed that from 45mm away and more the velocity start to become more uniform and fluctuate around the free stream velocity. From figure 25 and 25 from 45mm and onwards the RMS and RTI decrease. From the above graphs it can be deduced that the size of the wake is 45mm from the centreline or a total width of 90mm, which is 6 times the diameter of the cylinder. 12) What are the major sources of error likely to be in this experiment? Try and give a numerical estimate to the possible error(s) in the data. Some of the likely sources of error that may occur during this experiment are the calibration process as the hotwire was only calibrated at the centreline and as the hotwire was lowered using screw mechanism which it not totally accurate, there was no calibration of the at the new position. Another source of error can be due to pressure fluctuations, and due to the velocity being measured using the pressure differences, these fluctuation can cause the velocity to vary. Another source of error could be the assumption of the flow being 2-d as turbulence is a 3-d. To calculate the error, I used the measured velocity table and the theoretical linear calibration velocity. Taking the average error, the percentage error in the experimental data was 5. 8%. Within a range Can not measure supersonic velocities How to cite Hot Wire Laboratory, Papers

Julius Caesar Essay Thesis Example For Students

Julius Caesar Essay Thesis In Shakespeares Julius Caesar, Decius Brutus and Mark Antony, both Roman Senators, eulogize Julius Caesar, each using a different technique and approach. Brutus, in a somewhat arrogant, to the point, eulogy, attempts to sway the people. He justifies conspiring against Caesar by stating that Caesars ambition would have hurt Rome. However, in Antonys eulogy, he focuses on Caesars positive traits, and cunningly disproves Brutus justification for killing Caesar. The fickle Romans waver between leaders, responding emotionally, rather than intellectually, to the orators. Brutus seeks to explain why he conspired against Caesar. He begins his speech with Romans, countrymen ,appealing to their consciousness as citizens of Rome, who, he later says, will benefit as freeman with Caesars death. This shows that Brutus knows how to lure the crowd, appealing to their better judgement as Romans. He declares that he is an honorable man, and tells them that he will let them judge the validity of his claims. That is, he will allow the truth to speak for itself. This encourages the crowd to believe him, as an honorable man. He says that he wants them to know the facts; Censure me in your wisdom, and awake your senses that you may the better judge.Sharing information with the people is flattering and it almost guarantees acceptance. He gets their sympathy by saying that he loved Caesar, daring the people to find anyone who loved Caesar more. Brutus declares that he never wronged Caesar, that he cried for Caesars love, was happy for his greatness, honored him for his courage, but had to kill him because of Caesars ambition. He says that the reason for killing Caesar was his great love for Rome. He justifies his actions by saying that he loved Caesar but, Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.He then asks rhetorically if the people would want to live their lives as slaves under Caesars rule or would they prefer to live as freemen with Caesar dead.To anyone insulted by his speech he wonders if, as Romans who love their freedom, they could be offended or reject what he, Brutus, says.He poses the question, Who is here so base that would be a bondman? He stresses the point, repeating the line, If any, speak, for him have I offended.I pause for a reply., allows them to respond to his rhetorical questions, giving them an even greater sense that he cares about them and their opinions. They can only respond, None, Brutus, none.That is, none are offended, they do not disagree or argue with his words or his actions. Mark Antonys eulogy utilizes a different approach. He starts out by addressing the crowd as Friends because he wants to come to them as a friend rather than a ruler trying to gain power.He then says, I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him., thus he can ease in praises of Caesar without the crowd stopping him. He sounds very sincere when he says, The noble Brutus hath told you Caesar was ambitious. For Brutus is an honorable man. He repeats that statement three more times becoming increasingly sarcastic, saying finally, Yet Brutus says he was ambitious, and sure he was an honorable man. Since the people responded positively to Brutus speech, Antony could not insult Brutus honesty in a direct manner. Yet, Antony disproves Caesars ambition with three examples. One is when he gave the ransom of captives to the public treasury and not his own, another when he cried with the poor people, and finally when he refused the kingship that Antony offered him, three times. Anyone who was ambitio us would never have done any such things. Antony says, I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke. , but that is exactly what he does. Antony is using a dramatic effect on the people, first by entering on the stage with the body of Caesar, and at the end stating that his heart is still with the body of Caesar, ending his speech weeping. In justifying Caesar and disproving Brutus, the people see Antony as a potential successor to Caesar. They are swayed to him by his dramatics, his underhanded way of making a point, his repetition, and compelling proof of Caesars concern.He is able to get the people to question the rightness of killing Caesar. He has planted doubt in the peoples minds, in all areas except that he, Antony, is, poor soul, an honorable. .ud3bf30da1c24a3532de0a0a15035dc6b , .ud3bf30da1c24a3532de0a0a15035dc6b .postImageUrl , .ud3bf30da1c24a3532de0a0a15035dc6b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud3bf30da1c24a3532de0a0a15035dc6b , .ud3bf30da1c24a3532de0a0a15035dc6b:hover , .ud3bf30da1c24a3532de0a0a15035dc6b:visited , .ud3bf30da1c24a3532de0a0a15035dc6b:active { border:0!important; } .ud3bf30da1c24a3532de0a0a15035dc6b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud3bf30da1c24a3532de0a0a15035dc6b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud3bf30da1c24a3532de0a0a15035dc6b:active , .ud3bf30da1c24a3532de0a0a15035dc6b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud3bf30da1c24a3532de0a0a15035dc6b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud3bf30da1c24a3532de0a0a15035dc6b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud3bf30da1c24a3532de0a0a15035dc6b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud3bf30da1c24a3532de0a0a15035dc6b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud3bf30da1c24a3532de0a0a15035dc6b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud3bf30da1c24a3532de0a0a15035dc6b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud3bf30da1c24a3532de0a0a15035dc6b .ud3bf30da1c24a3532de0a0a15035dc6b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud3bf30da1c24a3532de0a0a15035dc6b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: PATRIOTISM EssayThe difference between the eulogies shows us the importance of style of speech. Both try to appeal to the people, and both use repetition, but Brutus takes a defensive approach, leaving the people to their own conclusions. However, Antony takes a prosecuting approach against Brutus, so sneaky that it is almost subliminal. Furthermore, Antonys examples give him an advantage over Brutus because he backs up statements while Brutus leaves his statements more open-ended. The people seem to find it easier to accept Antony, an emotional and sincere speaker, than Brutus who appears arrogant and forceful. Bibliography:

Development of Space Power

Abstract Over the last few years, space power has received significant attention from the military. According to the military experts, space power can be a great asset to the military if it is fully utilized. Space power theory is regularly evaluated through sea, land, and air theories (Robertshaw Bergin, 2004).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Development of Space Power specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through this, the theory’s development can be illustrated. It is commonly argued that space theory resulted from the advancements in air power theories. Some military experts argue that the difference between air power and space power is negligible. Nevertheless, it should be noted that space power is a unique field in the military sciences. During the Gulf War, the use of space power gave the US and the allied forces an added advantage over the Iraqi forces. During this war, the space power was utilized fo r the first time enabling its users to gain victory over their foes. Currently, it is acknowledged that the future of the military success lies in the ability of the forces to exploit the space power. In this regard, the US military should realize that an extensive knowledge and understanding on space power is very crucial to the future of the country and the world at large. This paper focuses on the developments in space power and its impacts on air power, sea power, and land power. Body As compared to sea power and air power, space power is a new concept in the military. According to the military history, land power has been exploited for thousands of years. However, in the 16th century many improvements in the military power were experienced. During this century, renowned advocates of land power and strategic theories emerged. Among these individuals are Jomini and Clausewitz. On the other hand, the sea power has been in existence for thousands of years. However, new theories wer e introduced in the 19th century enhancing the efficiencies of sea power.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Among these theories were Mahan, Callwell, Rauol, and Julian theories. According to most scholars, land, sea, and air theories have played key roles in the developments of space theories. According to Mahan theory, advancements in land theories led to sea and air theories. Similarly, advancements in air theories led to space theories (Kearsley, 1992). In the 20th century, the air power emerged. Because of its utilization, much advancement was realized in the military. It is believed that improvements in air power inspired the development of space power (Mueller, 2010). As such, the developments in space power were realized after the World War II. According to the US military, advancements in radar and jet technologies led to the creation of satellite and rocket technologies. Duri ng the Cold War, military enmity between the Soviet and the US led to the improvements in space power. With these advancements, the US military became more concerned with human orbital activities owing to the risks and opportunities presented by the activities. Following the Sputnik launch in the year 1957 by the Soviet, the US felt threatened by Soviet’s military advancements (Sheehan, 2007). To counteract this initiative, the US military launched Explorer I in the year 1958. From then on, the space power advanced simultaneously with the Cold War. In the 1960s and the 1970s, space power realized tremendous developments in its skills, infrastructures, and plans. During the 1980s, the US and the Soviet’s military spending and dependence on space power increased significantly. During the same decade, the US military mandated its air force to oversee its space power operations (Mixon, 1988). It was not until the Gulf War that space power was used for the first time in the warfare to enhance land power, air power, and sea power (Swofford, 2003). Using the space power, the US military together with the allied forces gained a considerable lead in the war over their foes (Nardo, 1991).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Development of Space Power specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the war, the use of satellite enhanced accuracy in bombing, navigation, and communication. With GPS, the US soldiers and the allied soldiers were able to navigate through the Kuwait and Iraq’s deserts with ease. Other advantages gained with the use of space power in the Gulf War were operational timing, tactical underground operations, and precise underground targeting. After the Gulf War, great militaries in the world realized the effectiveness and the potentials of space power (King, 1991). In general, the use of space power in the Operational Desert Storm is considered as a breakthrough in the history of the space power advancements. In the 21st century, space power has been employed by the US military in Iraq and Afghanistan wars (Darity, 2008). With the developments in space power, decrease in the land power, air power, and sea power applications in the current warfare has been realized (Ritzer, 2011). Despite the decrease, land, sea, and air operations have been enhanced by the developments in space power. As illustrated during the Gulf War, the use of space war boosted land operations (Bellamy, 2009). Air power theories assert that warfare can be won through the ability to control air operations. In this regard, advancements in space theories have enhanced air operations through satellite communications and dominant maneuver. On the other hand, advancements in the space power theories have boosted sea power theories. Space power theories attributed to Jomini and Mahan, believe that superiority over the sea can allow the interested countries to have control over water bodies for peace and war initiatives. Therefore, advancements in space power have enhanced sea power theories by easing naval operations through better maneuvers and communications (Bailey, 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Bailey, D. (2012). The future of warfare: what’s next?. Mankato, MN: Creative Education. Bellamy, A. J. (2009). War. London: Routledge. Darity, W. A. (2008). International encyclopedia of the military sciences (2nd ed.). Detroit, Mich.: Macmillan Reference USA. Kearsley, H. J. (1992). Maritime power and the twenty-first century. Aldershot, Hants, England: Dartmouth ;. King, J. (1991). The Gulf War. New York: Dillon Press. Mixon, B. R. (1988). Concentration of Military Force in Joint Operations: Applying Theory to Reality . Ft. Belvoir: Defense Technical Information Center. Mueller, K. P. (2010). Air power. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. Nardo, D. (1991). The Persian Gulf War. San Diego, CA: Lucent Books. Ritzer, G. (2011). Globalization: the essentials. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Robertshaw, A., Bergin, M. (2004). Warfare in the 20th century. Columbus, Ohio: Peter Bed- rick Books. Sheehan, M. (2007). The international politics of space. London: Routledge. Swofford, A. (200 3). Jarhead: a Marine’s chronicle of the Gulf War and other battles. New York: Scribner. This essay on Development of Space Power was written and submitted by user T0adMen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Theater Experience in Shakespeares Lifetime

The Theater Experience in Shakespeares Lifetime To fully appreciate Shakespeare, its best to see his plays live on stage. It’s a sad fact that today we typically study Shakespeares plays out of books and forego the live experience. It’s important to remember that the Bard was not writing for today’s literary readership, but for a live audience. Shakespeare was not writing for just any live audience but was writing for the masses in Elizabethan England, many of whom couldn’t read or write. The theater was usually the only place the audiences to his plays would be exposed to fine, literary culture. To better understand Shakespeares works, todays reader needs to go beyond the texts themselves to consider the context of these works: the details of the live theater experience during the Bard’s lifetime. Theater Etiquette in Shakespeare’s Time Visiting a theater and watching a play in Elizabethan times was very different from today, not just because of who was in the audience, but because of how people behaved. Theatergoers were not expected to be still and silent throughout the performance as modern audiences are. Instead, Elizabethan theater was the modern equivalent of a popular band concert. It was communal and even, at times, raucous, depending on the subject matter of a given performance. The audience would eat, drink, and talk throughout the performance. Theaters were open air and used natural light. Without the advanced technology of artificial light, most plays were performed not in the evening, as they are today, but rather in the afternoon or during the daylight. Furthermore, plays during that era used very little scenery and few, if any, props. The plays usually relied on language to set the scene. Female Performers in Shakespeare’s Time The laws for contemporary performances of Shakespeare’s plays banned women from acting. Female roles were thus played by young boys before their voices changed in puberty. How Shakespeare Changed Perceptions of the Theater Shakespeare saw the public’s attitude towards theater shift during his lifetime. Prior to his era, the theater in England was considered to be a disreputable pastime. It was frowned upon by Puritan authorities, who were worried that it might distract people from their religious teachings. During the reign of Elizabeth I, theaters were still banned within the city walls of London (even though the Queen enjoyed the theater and frequently attended performances in person). But over time, the theater became more popular, and a thriving â€Å"entertainment† scene grew on Bankside, just outside the city walls. Bankside was considered to be a â€Å"den of iniquity† with its brothels, bear-baiting pits, and theaters. The place of theater in Shakespeares time widely diverged from its perceived role today as high culture reserved for the educated, upper classes. The Acting Profession During Shakespeare’s Time Shakespeare’s contemporary theater companies were extremely busy. They would perform around six different plays each week, which could only be rehearsed a few times before the performance. There was no separate stage crew, as theater companies have today. Every actor and stagehand helped to make costumes, props, and scenery. The Elizabethan acting profession worked on an apprentice system and therefore was strictly hierarchical. Playwrights themselves had to rise up through the ranks. Shareholders and general managers were in charge and profited the most from the company’s success. Managers employed their actors, who became permanent members of the company. Boy apprentices were at the bottom of the hierarchy. They usually began their careers by acting in small roles or playing the female characters.

Canada and the European Union new free trade agreement Essay

Canada and the European Union new free trade agreement - Essay Example Canada and the European Union new free trade agreement Canada as a country is renowned for its skillful ideas in research, innovation and invention and production of different types of manufactured products. These products include industrial and machinery, rail products, agricultural and medical equipments. The Canada’s gross domestic product was $42.7 billion resulting from employing approximately 418, 000 Canadian individuals in the manufacturing industry. On the other hand, the European Union benefits from Canada on products such as aero products, rail products and agricultural goods, and medical products, scientific and precision equipments. However, the trade between Canada and European Union is affected by 22 percent tariff on the goods exported and imported. This has been affecting the trade making the European Union to get goods at costly prices (Canada). Upon the completion of the agreement, the Canada-EU trade agreement will work to reduce and remove most of the existing EU tariffs on the manufactured goods, which include electrical parts and equipments and medical equipments. The reduction of physical barriers on the market will help to increase market access for exports and imports. Additionally, the agreement gives opportunities of helping Canada and EU identify different ways and steps of either preventing imposition of non-tariff barriers or direct deal with them when they arise.

Summary on cpc (cyclic pipeline computer) an architecture suited for Essay

Summary on cpc (cyclic pipeline computer) an architecture suited for josephson and pipelined memory machines - Essay Example This ensures that the two devices are naturally pipelined using a similar pitch time. At the same time, advanced control technique could be used to speed up computation in each instruction stream. This technique is used in high performance computers that see to it that each stage of instruction processing and data references is made from different memories. Thus, overlapped memory access and processor instructions are performed at a much faster rate through multiple instruction streams that take place in a cyclic manner. Research carried out on the new CPC that is based on the silicon technology has found that there is an improvement in the cost/performance ratio as it operates at a much higher speed using the three-phase clock (Shimizu et al 831). At the same time, the CPC device makes use of a three input majority through DCFP which makes it easy to realize a negation. Similarly, the power consumption is much lower which allows for a high-density